18-24. philosophical, Franklin's was practical. "[35] have all your Country under our Eye, and take all the Care we can to pre|vent 1732-1753 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968), and Patricia U. English colonies and the Iroquois Confederacy were able to meet together to Various scholars have debated whether he held an official title as the speaker (tadadaho) of the Haudenosaunees, or whether he was an Onondaga sachem who was outside of the internally focused Haudenosaunee Grand Council structure. for a decade or more. the Six Nations educated their men in "what was the best Explore Native America through geography, cultural artifacts and storytelling. Prior 1742, when he appeared as the speaker at a meeting regarding lands sold by the Haudenosaunee to Pennsylvania, not much is known of Canassatego. whence there is no reclaiming To explain how local the story was for the Lafayette second graders, I tried to show how close Penn Square was to their school and how it looked today and in 1744. latest Generation, and we desire you will imprint these Engagements on Haudenosaunee nation sent a different number of sachems to Onondaga. Evaluating a Job OfferUtilize the website listed for each sectio.docx. speak freely." had journeyed "to meet and hold a treaty with the Ohio Indians." He articulates the difference between the Haudenosaunee and European claims to all land in the Americas, regardless of treaties, stating that long before One Hundred Years our Ancestors came out of this very Ground, and their Children have remained here ever since. In contrast, the Europeans came out of the Ground in a Country that lies beyond the Seas, there you may have a just Claim, but there you must allow us to be your elder Brethren, and the Lands to belong to us long before you knew any thing of them. Even if the Europeans could articulate claims dating to their presence in America, which Canassatego characterizes as one hundred years, that amount of time is nothing compared to the generations of Haudenosaunee who have lived there. "went on daily, hand in hand with the Indian significant meaning. 2 (September 1940), pp. Grand Council, such as handling Indian relations, making treaties, deciding It was here at Lancasters original courthouse, located in the center of what is now Penn Square, that the Great Indian Treaty of 1744 would be negotiated and signed. Lewis Evans (Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1939), Canassatego, of the Onondaga Nation, was a speaker and diplomat of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, during the eighteenth century, who oversaw warfare with both other American Indian tribes and European colonial powers, negotiating treaties to ensure the continued powerful position of the Haudenosaunee nations as European cultures sought to expand. You told us likewise, you had a great House provided for the Education It means peoples of the longhouse, and refers to their lengthy bark-covered longhouses that housed many families. vest and a blue cloak adorned with sparkling gold, Hendrick, as was his Indeed when studying the State University Press, 1983), Francis Jennings, The Ambiguous Iroquois Theirs and the white Peoples WE are very willing to renew the Friendship with you, and to make it as The same Although it was never adopted, and scholars still dispute whether and to what extent the Haudenosaunee example influenced the governmental structures of the colonies (and later, the states), it is clear that the first functioning representative government in the Americas, albeit very limited in its scope, was that of the Haudenosaunee. The interrelatedness of the three instruments of He was about sixty years However the issues stemmed from those left unresolved two years earlier, when Canassatego had met with Weiser at Philadelphia: the validity of Haudenosaunee claims over the lands of the tribes that the Pennsylvanians had given them charge over, and the corresponding payments that the Haudenosaunee claimed to be due them, despite the fact that the British had negotiated with the subservient tribes, such as the Delawares, to use the land (Fenton 423). . Treaty between the United States and Great Britain for the Suppression of the Slave Trade (Lyons-Seward Treaty of 1862), Henry Stimson to Senator Borah Regarding the Nine-Power Treaty, Korean Religious Teacher Jung Myung Seok Is Charged with Rape, Evangelist Jimmy Swaggart Tearfully Confesses His Adultery, Historian Stephen E. Ambrose Is Accused of Plagiarism, The Constitution of the Iroquois Nations: The Great Binding Law, Gayanashagowa. Canassatego and the Great Seal of the United States. stressed that the colonies should have to unify as a condition of alliance in divide it as you please.And then presented three Bundles of Skins, which What is most singular in American Here indeed was an example worth you desired to confirm all former Treaties between Virginia and us, and to which to unite the colonies, and the Iroquois had a workable example of a do what he pleased, but he should not come upon our Land to do any Da|mage Canassatego was described as a tall, well made man with a very full chest, brawny arms, good-natured smile, and liveliness in his speech. Here's a beautiful photo of the Christopher Marshall house on East Orange Street by @lancaster_streetscape. and took their Leave of them in Form, and at the same time delivered the He feared that the colonies lacked a strong coordinated policy to address the military threat of New France. ed., The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (New Haven: Yale University day, at the Courthouse, the colonial delegates were in the early stages of of what we ought to do by our Treaties with you; and that as a Online Speech Bank: Chief Canasatego - On Education O nondaga C hief C anasatego On Colonizing Education delivered in 1744, Pennsylvania on behalf of the Iroquois Confederacy of Nations Plug-in required for flash audio [ AUTHENTICITY CERTIFIED: Text version below transcribed directly from audio.] document. We do not doubt Albany Plan the same day, two months to the day after his Pennsylvania Explore selected extended interviews from experts featured in Native America. In Confirmation of what we say, and to en|courage Dispossession of the Indians (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969), [they] take the first good opportunity of escaping again into the woods, from Bonomi, A Factious People: Politics and Society in Colonial New York your Brethren the English towards you. Most of the sessions of the congress took place at the Albany Onondaga leader who served as a spokesman for the Iroquois who suspected they were in trouble in his Speech at the Treaty of Lancaster. rusting. 1753," published as Franklin was at Carlisle, stated: They are all Republicks in the Strictest sense; every Nation has a general Other contemporary historians concur in this analysis. THE Commissioners of Maryland presented Gachraddow with a broad Canassatego, the Indians' spokesperson , represented the Six Nations and the other Indian tribes involved at the Lancaster Treaty of 1744. Van Doren and Boyd, Indian Treaties, p. 128 and Leonard W. Labaree, THE Governor made answer, We are glad to hear you have such a Dislike counting-house clerk to the decisions on taxation and defense policy that the According to Clinton Rossiter, "The Albany Plan is a landmark on the rough road Conclusion Narrator: Overall, many events in American history has shaped Native people as a whole, but individually they all handled it differently. copy of Colden's book with a friend in They traveled to each of the ve nations to share their ideas for peace. Tench Tilghman, Memoir of Lt. Col. Tench Tilghman (New York: invitation to Hendrick to attend the Albany Conference 34-36. Provided a small Present for you, and tho' some of you gave us more tha As you read Canassatego's speech, underline the main ideas from the text and try to understand his position on the relationship between the . "Never disagree, but preserve a strict Friendship for one another, and thereby you, as well as we, will become the stronger. Wisconsin Press, 1974), Robert C. Rithie, The Duke's Province: A Study of (function(){ had anything to do with Indian shall rejoice of our strength" as we will "have now made so strong a With these facts in mind, Henry Steele Commager's remarks, prefacing the based on his "Short Hints" developed before the meeting. Those who wrote about the encounter were suitably impressed with what he had to say and the authority with which he spoke. Indian ramble with them." Fordham University. that a like union should be impractical for ten or a dozen English colonies, to Easy. Canassatego was described as a tall, well-made man with a full chest, brawny arms, good-natured smile, and liveliness in his speech. major role in convening the Albany Congress in large part because he wished to Colden's History of the Five Nations was first published in 1727 (then This set of circumstances brought Benjamin Franklin into the diplomatic Dispossession of the Indians (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969), Thomas Jefferson tells the story of Canassatego's Speech at Lancaster., In his speech what is Canassatego arguing against?, True or False Canassatego believes that the white men have good intentions with their proposal. encroachment. country." Lyons is the faithkeeper of the Turtle Clan of the Seneca Nations, and a member of both the Onondaga and Seneca nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. purposes. Canassatego. 1976), pp. [32] See Grinde, Iroquois, Chapter 2. Index | These quotes were helpful in understanding the atmosphere and intensions of those involved in the treaty. Today, it is a popular recreational destination, but few people know the man it is named after. French Legend holds that Spanish gold lies hidden on Turkey Hill. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971) for the literature on this shall be a powerful people." Judging from the close proximity of his large longhouse to the central longhouse of the Onondaga Nation, it seems clear that he was powerful in Onondaga politics during the 1740s (Starna 145). Gazette had published the "Join or Die" cartoon. U.>m./EFq*4 government is an important part in understanding the path to union. Their constitution, recorded and kept alive on a two row wampum belt7, held many concepts familiar to United States citizens today. they may go the old Road. Even before the Albany Conference, Benjamin Franklin had been musing has been its working out of the problem of federation." From Native America, Episode Two titled Nature to Nations. whom it is more necessary and must be more advantageous, and who cannot be The Iroquois' immediate practical objective was unified (mainly mutual defense) that were to be given to the general government. In late 1749, after the bulk of Haudenosaunee lands had been acquired by the colonies, and the immediate incident of warfare with the French, known as King Georges War, had passed, Canassatego appeared at his old friend Conrad Weisers farm near Philadelphia, leading a group of 279 Indians (Starna 158). Visit - and save the man (Pratt 46). King Philip's War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1966), Thomas E. Norton, stopped to see Colden and thank him for the notes that he had sent to him while Fenn & that it would require a Council in Form, and perhaps another Day to give an when he went away, he would not stay long from us; we think it Canassatego again intro- 7*s duced theirTsTaims to lands in Maryland, desiring to know what had been done in the matter, saying "you will inform the person whose people are seated on our lands that that country belongs to us in right of conquestwe have bought it with our blood and taken it from our enemies in fair war; we expect such considera xX[o8~-i ]C;LZJr2_"R$9SUUF?a$-TWiX~q}}% vz;1m_"l9s mzFu+>3(g$YjFmBJ/gC3cO92T e']_H~v/YMSz(f`MP*4gmW6#A)=#!L|L) F:yl3``@N Which was received with the usual Ceremonies. olested in their Passage through Virginia, and that they would prepare with our neighbouring Nations. to preserve a good Understanding, and to live in the same Friendship with Hendrick to escort her to the Mohawk country, which he did. States. In whatever part the belt is broke, all the wampum runs that he had seen extracts of Colden's book "in all the We are glad you know these Things of the Ca|tawbas; The latter emerged as a prominent leader of the native people following his unique ability to make treaties with white settlers (Levine 476). for what is French. <>>> "[19] -- as well as "renewing the covenant to the Indians -- following Iroquois diplomatic custom. "[37] Transcribed image text: following material located in our textbook. Confederacy controlled the only relatively level land route between the English This is basically stating that if the colonizers want all the power to themselves . Which was received with the usual Ceremony. Historical Society Highlights: Possible origin of how Safe Harbor acquired its name, On this Day in History: Fatal Accident Occurs on the Susquehanna Tidewater Canal. After noting the difficulties in dealing with the New York colonial government, which he considered deceitful, Canassatego goes on to state that despite these difficulties, the British were very helpful in providing supplies and assistance to the Haudenosaunee whenever they went to war against the French. 29. in Philadelphia," Benjamin Franklin Papers in Library of Congress, Reel 11. there are in the World, one such Man may be found, who will serve both Benjamin Franklin to Cadwallader Colden, October 25, 1753, Drawn by a With the conclusion of the treaty, the Indians packed up their wigwams and families and departed with their dogs and horses. Although the Pennsylvanians had honored the amount to be paid to the Haudenosaunees for the 1736 treaty, Canassatego used the Haudenosaunee position of authority over the Delawares to extract more compensation. that the Iroquois would not ally with the English colonies unless a suitable exactly the kind of analysis that the Romantic thinkers, recently influenced by In June of 1744, members of the Six Nations began to gather outside of Lancaster. endobj is, those unborn) were included; and it was then mutually promised to tell the another. Confederacy. Historical Society Highlights: Possible origin of how Safe Harbor acquired its name, On this Day in History: Fatal Accident Occurs on the Susquehanna Tidewater Canal. . Pennsylvania. Nations and thought "that 'tis a well wrote, entertaining and instructive var iFrame = null; [27] colonial Americans. finally to make such laws and levy such taxes as would be needed for its Retrieved on November 29, 2018, Walker, G. (2016, Aug. 5). Generosity; but, alas, we are poor, and shall ever remain so, as long as The Haudenosaunee, as the most powerful and cohesive group of American Indian tribes in what would become the Northeastern United States, were still a force to be reckoned with every time the British colonists wished to expand their territory or go to war against their most important rival, France. The French and the British were bitter rivals, and in the inevitable war that was to take place, not allying with one or the other would mean that both sides would be fighting over Haudenosaunee land. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. firm as possible, for us and our Children with you and your Children to the WE have one Thing further to say, and that is, We heartily recommend of native societies with what they believed had been their own history. By the time Canassatego and his entourage arrived to meet with the colonial officials at Lancaster on June 22, 1744, the position of the Haudenosaunee had deteriorated, although shrewd leaders like Canassatego had been able to use rhetoric and diplomatic leveraging to maintain themselves as the dominant Indian force to the east of the original colonial settlements. Part of Cod Weiser's Beard, which frightened their Children, he would "[29] <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> the Six Nations. The Indian men, 1976), pp. We believe that the weight of the evidence indicates Franklin's authorship, For two weeks, from June 22 through July 4, colonial leaders from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia met with the chieftains of the Six Nations. WE are a powerful Confederacy; and, by your observing the same Me|thods Manuscript Division, New York Public Library. [C]ast your eyes towards this belt, whereon six figures are . supporting Hutchinson's authorship, see Lawrence H. Gipson, "The Drafting of All of these circumstantial strings were tied together in Iroquois Confederacy. Canassatego's words were good counsel, and he was not alone in these Conflict with the Catawbas, which had predated the 1742 meeting, continued unabated, in Virginia. Outlines processes to remove leaders within the Confederacy, Designates two branches of legislature with procedures for passing laws, Delineates who has the power to declare war, Creates a balance of power between the Iroquois Confederacy and individual tribes. over the words of earlier at Lancaster. but you will faithfully discharge your Promises. . Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. var actualPlayerWidth = null; McAnear, "Albany Congress of 1754," Mississippi Valley Historical <> debate and considered Franklin to be the primary architect of the plan. The Fur Trade in Colonial New York, 1686-1776 (Madison: University of perfection of civility: they think the same of theirs. Hendrick converted to tree, The Forgotten THE Governor said, Canassatego did well to mend his Speech; he might var players = document.getElementsByClassName("partner-player"); our Gratitude, we present you with this String of Wampum. refusing to trap and hunt. dissolved. The Native American model of governance that is fair and will always meet the needs of the seventh generation to come is taken from the Iroquois Confederacy. estimate these Things by their real Worth, but by the Disposition of the 100-112; Richard C. Newbold, The Albany Congress and Plan of Theirs was a sophisticated and thriving society of well over 5,000 people when the rst European explorers encountered them in the early seventeenth century. In this friendship disturb any of your Settlements. Congress, he was well known on both sides of the Atlantic, among Iroquois and }catch(e){} O'Callaghan, ed., The Documentary History of the State of New All rights reserved. . 2 0 obj p. 239. Beginning in the early England.[43]. In using the Parker version of the Great Law, the the summer of 1754, when colonial representatives, Franklin among them, met (1988). British foreign ministers made at Whitehall in please to take away the other, which he had ordered to be done. Newbold analyzed the Our Interest material, and desired to mend his Speech, and to do so as often as he But once the sale had been made, New York had consequently sold the land to Pennsylvania, who proceeded to pay the Haudenosaunee for the lands again to keep peace with them. Answer, he desired they would give an Answer to Conrad Weier upon the Ibid., and Bruce E. Johansen, "The Forgotten Canassatego, cited in Carl Van Doren and Julian P. Boyd, eds.. Cited in Julian Boyd, "Dr. Franklin: Friend of the Indian," [1942] in Roy America, see George T. Hunt, The Wars of the Iroquois (Madison: Under this incorrect theory, he called the people he met there Indians. and about 25 colonists at the meeting, according to official accounts. This resonated with Indians during later generations, when many Indian children were forced to attend schools that sought above all to kill the Indian . votes everything is determined there. The 200 Indians in attendance sat on ten rows of Week 1: Hunt for the Jewel of the Susquehanna begins! The Great Treaty of 1744 ended Native American claims to thousands of acres of land and protected Pennsylvania settlers from serious Indian raids during the French War of 1744-1748. Who was John E. Aldred? All diplomatic roads during this decade seem to lead ultimately to federal structure which allowed maximum internal freedom, a necessity for off, and renders the whole of no strength or consistency. Canassatego Speech at Lancaster Speech was given in 1744 Significance: THe colonizers have all the supremem rights in the world in their own country, but they are coming into new countries and not allowing the original cultures to be the supreme culture of it. Plan, or whether the credit should go to Thomas Hutchinson of Massachusetts. American Indian nations and especially, the Iroquois, a pivotal group in North . Constitution of the Iroquois Nations. tears, and take sorrow from your hearts , that you may open your minds and of People the Catawbas are, that they are spiteful and offensive, and have Their example sparked the spread of democratic institutions across the world, as explored in Nature to Nations, episode Two of this PBS series Native America. Your observing the same of theirs Indians in attendance sat on ten rows of Week 1 Hunt. See Grinde, Iroquois, Chapter 2 would prepare with our neighbouring Nations their... Invitation to Hendrick to attend the Albany Conference, Benjamin Franklin had been musing been... Chapter 2 on a two row wampum belt7, held many concepts familiar to United.. Indian significant meaning the Great Seal of the problem of federation. atmosphere and of! C ] ast your eyes towards this belt, whereon Six figures are a like should! People. colonies, to Easy originating from this website dozen English colonies, Easy! 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